Isi Otak Bisa Pengaruhi Sikap Duduk

Isi Otak Bisa Pengaruhi Sikap Duduk

            Disadari atau tidak, pikiran atau isi otak bisa mempengaruhi sikap dan pembawaan termasuk posisi duduk. Hanya dengan melihat posisi duduknya miring ke kiri atau ke kanan, isi otak khususnya yang berhubungan dengan angka bisa ditebak.

Sejak berlajar garis bilangan di sekolah dasar, urutan angka dari yang paling kecil ke yang lebih besar selalu berjalan dari kiri ke kanan. Kecenderungan ini juga terbawa sampai dewasa, bahkan ketika sudah lama tidak bersentuhan dengan pelajaran matematika.

Anita Eerland, seorang psikolog dari Erasmus University Rotterdam membuktikan bahwa ketika seseorang memikirkan angka maka postur tubuhnya bisa terpengaruh. Saat duduk maupun berdiri, kemiringannya bisa memperkirakan angka yang dipikirkannya. 

"Kemampuan kognitif merupakan integrasi dari beragam sumber informasi yakni memori, bayangan visual dan juga informasi tubuh misalnya postur," tulis Eerland dalam jurnal Psychological Science seperti dikutip dari Medicalnewstoday, Jumat (11/11/2011).

Hal itu dibuktikan Eerland dengan meminta 33 mahasiswa untuk memperkirakan ukuran suatu benda misalnya tinggi menara Eiffel. Eerland kemudian menampilkan sebuah angka di layar, lalu meminta partisipan menilai apakah angka itu lebih besar atau lebih kecil dari jawaban yang sedang dipikirkan.

Hasiol analisis menunjukkan bahwa ketika memperkirakan angka yang lebih besar dari yang ditampilkan di layar, partisipan cenderung miring ke kanan. Sebaliknya ketika para partisipan memikirkan angka yang lebih kecil maka posisi duduknya cenderung miring ke kiri.

Eerland menegaskan bahwa penelitian ini tidak membuktikan bahwa sikap atau postur tubuh menentukan pikiran, namun ada hubungan bahwa pikiran bisa mempengaruhi postur. Artinya seseorang tidak akan mengubah pikirannya hanya karena postur atau sikapnya berubah.

Sumber : http://www.detikhealth.com/

IF CLAUSE (conditional tenses)

kalimat pengandaian

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

IF Clause Type 1

Form

if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Present und will-Future on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

I want to send an invitation to a friend. I just have to find her address. I am quite sure, however, that I will find it.

Example: If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.

I know John very well and I know that he earns a lot of money and that he loves Ferraris. So I think it is very likely that sooner or later he will have the money to buy a Ferrari.

IF Clause Type 2

Form

if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Past und Conditional I on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

Were instead of WasIn

IF Clauses Type II, we usually use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it –.

Example: If I were you, I would not do this.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine „what would happen if …“

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

I would like to send an invitation to a friend. I have looked everywhere for her address, but I cannot find it. So now I think it is rather unlikely that I will eventually find her address.

Example: If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.

I know John very well and I know that he doesn't have much money, but he loves Ferraris. He would like to own a Ferrari (in his dreams). But I think it is very unlikely that he will have the money to buy one in the near future.

IF Clause Type 3

Form

if + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Past Perfect and Conditional II  on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a friend. I didn't find her address, however. So in the end I didn't send her an invitation.

Example: If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.

I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but he loved Ferraris. He would have loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had the money to buy one.

Sumber :

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-3

tugas 11 by irfan

CONDITIONAL TENSE

Conditional tense merupakan bentuk kalimat yang menunjukkan harapan dan syarat. Kalimat Conditional terdiri dari dua sub kalimat yaitu  kalimat induk dan anak kalimat, yang keduanya dihubungkan dengan if atau unless. Posisi Anak kalimat dan Induk kalimat dapat dibalik dengan tidak mengubah isi kalimat.

Type I (The Future Possible Condition):

Usually describes the plan (plan) or possibility (possibility)

a.       Pattern : Present Future Tense (S +  will/shall +  (be) Verb 1+O) “If”  Simple Present Tense (S + Verb 1 (is, am, are) + O)

Example: They will come if you invite them

b.      Pattern : “If” Simple Present Tense (S + Verb 1 (is, am, are) + O), Present Future Tense (S + will/shall + Verb 1+ O)

Example: If you invite them, they will come

Type II (The Present Unreal Condition):

Usually describes the fantasy / delusion / desire / expectation

a.       Pattern : Past Future Tense (S + Would + (be) Verb 1+ O) “if”  Simple Past Tense (S + Verb 2 (was/were) + O)

Example: They would come if you invited them

b.      Pattern : if  Simple Past Tense (S + Verb 2 (was/were) + O, Past Future Tense (S + Would + (be) Verb 1+O)

            Example: If you invited them, they would come

Type III (The Past Unreal Condition):

 usually describes the Regret (regret) in the past

a.       Pattern : Past Future Perfect Tense (S + would + have + (been) Verb 3+O) if Past Perfect Tense (S + had + (been) verb 3 + O)

Example: They would have come if you had invited them

b.      Pattern : if  Past Perfect Tense (S + had + (been) verb 3 + O), Past Future Perfect Tense (S + would + have + (been) Verb 3+O)

Example: If you had invited them, they would have come

Contoh lain :

1.      If you listen carefully to the tape, you will hear the sound of a child crying.

2.      If I saw a tiger, I would run for my life.

3.      Wouldn't you you have bought the shares if the price had been lower ?

4.      We will play football on the field if it doesn't rain.

5.      You will strain yourself if you try to lift that box all by yourself.

6.      If there had not been so much publicity about the show, it would not have been so successful.

7.      If I were your mother, I would not let you go.

8.      Many people will be injured if the stage collapses.

9.      If you had driven carefully round the bend, there wouldn't have been an accident.

10.  Wouldn't she have waded across the river if the bridge had collapsed ?

sumber :

http://www.englishdaily626.com/conditional_tenses.php

http://www.google.com

tugas 10 by irfan 

Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Tidak Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.
Kata-kata kerja yang termasuk Intransitive verbs diantaranya adalah: Shine, come, sit, boil, sleep, fall, cry, dll.

Kata Kerja Intransitif = subjek + kata kerja

Contoh:

• The baby cries.
• My mother is sleeping.
• The water boils.

Catatan:

Ada juga beberapa kata kerja yang dapat berfungsi sebagai transitive maupun intransitive verbs.

Contoh:

• He drops his bottles. (transitif)
• The rain drops from the sky. (intransitif)
• The contestants still misunderstood then. (transitif)
• The contestants still misunderstood. (intransitif)
• They grow the rubber trees. (transitif)
• Rice grows in the fertile soil. (intransitif)

Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai Objective Noun yang mempunyai satu kesatuan makna dengan kata kerjanya. Objeknya disebut Cognate Object.

Contoh:

• He played the fool.                   (Dia bermain gila-gilaan).
• He laughs a hard laugh.            (Dia tertawa lebar).
• He slept a sound sleep.            (Dia tidur nyenyak).
• He died a miserable death.       (Dia mati melarat).

Ada beberapa verb transitive dan intransitive walaupun sudah mempunyai object tetapi artinya belum sempuma sebelum ditambah kata-kata lain.

Kata Kerja jenis ini diantaranya adalah: make, name, call, find, declare, suppose, consider, bring, give, appoint, seen, hear, dll.

Contoh:

• I will make you happy.
• I appoint him to be my assistant.

Ada juga kata kerja yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:

• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Object
• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing

Contoh:

• We talked about the problem.
• She felt sorry for coming late.

Kata-kata kerja untuk pola kedua diantaranya adalah: succeed in, think about/of, dream of, dream about, approve of, look forward to, insist on, decide against, angry with, sorry for, thanks for, dll.

Ada juga Kata Kerja tertentu yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:

• Kata Kerja + Object + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing

Contoh:

• They accused me of telling lies.
• Do you suspect the man of being a spy?
• I congratulated Bob on passing the exam.
• What prevented him from coming to the party?
• I thanked her for being so helpful.

Contoh lain :

• They slept soundly (kata kerja slept tidak diikuti objek)
• I waited and waited, but nobody comes (waited dan comes tidak diikuti objek)
• As the boys arrived, the girls departed
• The wind subsided, the sun came out and the water receded
• He wept bitterly on hearing this news
• I arrived at the station at a quarter past three.
• He travelled south with all possible speed.
• Katie was standing in the corner and Justin was lying on the bed.
• It happened yesterday. Vicky had behaved quite unacceptably.
• She could not remain in her company, so she turned and rushed out of the room.
• Andy sits in the corner when he reads. BUKAN The corner is sat when Jack reads.
• Peter arrived early. BUKAN Early was arrived Peter.

Transitif DAN intransitif

Beberapa kata kerja yang memiliki banyak makna bisa termasuk transitif dan intransitif tergantung pada penggunaannya. Salah satu contohnya adalah “run”. Jika kita menggunakan run dalam artian berlari, maka run merupakan intransitif.

• Miswar ran every weekend when she was at college (ran di sini adalah intransitif)

TETAPI

“Run” yang digunakan dalam artian menjalankan adalah sebuah transitif.

• Bill gates runs Microsoft (run di sini adalah transitif).

Perlu diperhatikan bahwa walaupun KK transitif bisa diikuti oleh frase adverbal atau preposisional, namun KK transitif tidak bisa digunakan secara intransitif. Kita tidak bisa mengatakan:

• The newspaper has offered
• That does not interest
• I still support

karena maknanya tidak lengkap. Juga kita tidak boleh menggunakan KK intransitif secara transitif. Kita tidak bisa mengatakan:

• I will have to economise my spending
• Her body was aching the pain
• The sun came out the hills

sumber : 

http://ismailmidi.com/berita-211-verbs.html

http://letspeakenglish.info/2010/09/22/kata-kerja-transitif-dan-intransitif/

tugas 8 by irfan

Transitive Verbs

Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)

Kata kerja transitif bisa didefinisikan sebagai kata kerja yang harus diikuti objek untuk melengkapi maknanya, dan untuk mengalami tindakan yang dinyatakan. Kebanyakan kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris termasuk kata kerja transitif.
Kata kerja Transitive diantaranya adalah: Drink, watch, read, fill, open, close, dll

Kata kerja transitif = subjek + verb + objek

Kata kerja transitif melibatkan bukan hanya subjek, tetapi juga seseorang atau sesuatu yang lain, yakni objek. Contoh:

• I take my books to class (take adalah KK intransitif dan objeknya adalah my books)
• They played chess last night (play adalah KK intransitif dan objeknya adalah chess)
• He has many friends
• She admires Angelina most
• Green suits you
• They have not raised the standard of living much
• I support the government

Beberapa KK transitif bisa memiliki dua objek, yakni satu objek tak-langsung yang diikuti satu objek langsung, contoh:

• He brings me my lunch in the bad.
• She promises me a job as a salesman
• I lend my younger brother all the money I had

Kita juga bisa membalik urutan objek-objek dan menempatkan objek langsung terlebih dahulu dengan menambahkan preposisi to sebelum objek tidak langsung, contoh:

• I lend all the money to my younger brother
• She teaches English to all the students in the class

Contoh lain :

• He watches the film. (Kalimat ini tidak akan lengkap, jika "the film" kita hilangkan. Orang lain akan bertanya-tanya - menonton apa?, maka watch (menonton) membutuhkan object agar makna kalimat tersebut dapat dipahami).
• The man cuts the tree.
• You pushed the bag. ("bag" is the direct object of "pushed")
• I hate you. ("you" is the direct object of "hate")
• I gave you the doll. ("doll" is the direct object, and "you" is the non-prepositional indirect object of "give")
• John traded his apple and Jane's orange with her. ("his apple and Jane's orange" is the object of "traded", but "with her" is not)
• I ate the pie. ("pie" is an object of "ate")
• I tried on the shoes. ("shoes" is an object of "tried")
• I fill better
• She open the door.

Sumber :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_verb
http://letspeakenglish.info/2010/09/22/kata-kerja-transitif-dan-intransitif/

tugas 7 by irfan